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Brief History of Anatomy IPHY 3415 TA: Mike Pascoe The Egyptians 1600 B.C. Back in the day 0 AD Egypt Present day • World’s earliest known medical document, The Edwin Smith papyrus, describes early anatomical observations. • Cranial sutures, meninges, external surface of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and intracranial pulsations. • Could be based on 3000 B.C. ! IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 The Greeks 500 B.C. Back in the day 0 AD Greece Present day • Found medical schools in Crotona, Italy and Cyrene, Africa. • Studied anatomy of animals. • Influence on anatomical terminology, i.e. Achilles. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Herophilos & Erasistratos 400 B.C. Greece & Egypt Back in the day 0 AD Present day • Philosophers declared that body and soul were different. • Allowed for first dissections of human bodies. • Performed in Alexandria, Egypt. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Aristotle 384 - 327 B.C. Greece Back in the day 0 AD Present day • First known anatomist. • Drew a distinction between nerves and tendons. • Described how major arteries branched out into smaller blood vessels. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 King Ptolemy 320 B.C. Back in the day 0 AD Egypt Present day • Established the medical school at Alexandria, Egypt. • Dissections were performed on bodies of executed prisoners - probably in public. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 The Romans 30 B.C. Back in the day 0 AD Italy & Egypt Present day • The Roman empire conquers Egypt. • Medical school at Alexandria declines in importance. • Latin becomes the international language of anatomy to this day. • Example: Biceps Brachii IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Two Head Arm Page 2 of 30 Galen 131-200 A.D. Egypt & Italy Back in the day 0 AD Present day • Conclusions were based on study of animals. • Studied in Alexandria then settled in Rome. • Produced some 150-200 medicals writings. • Very influential, professors would read his books while his assistants dissected a cadaver. Page 2 of 30 IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Pope Boniface VIII 1300 A.D. Back in the day 0 AD Vatican Present day • Papal Bull: De sepulturis • Put a ban on the practice of dismembering war casualties. • Was a drain on soldiers energy. • Overzealous clergy took this as a ban on any kind of human dissection. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Pope Alexander V 1410 A.D. Back in the day 0 AD Vatican Present day • His body was allowed to be dissected. • Example of how well-disposed the Church was towards anatomy. • Or… is considered an anti-pope by the Vatican, chop him up who cares !?! IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Da Vinci 1452-1519 A.D. Italy Back in the day 0 AD Present day • Very influential artist of the Renaissance. • Artists wanted to better understand the underlying structures of the body to enhance their artwork. • Da Vinci performed many dissections. • Sketches provided correct proportions. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Henry VIII Back in the day 1491-1547 A.D. Englan d 0 AD Present day • King of England, would hand over corpses of hanged criminals to local anatomists. • Public dissections in theater settings became very popular. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Vesalius 1543 A.D. Back in the day 0 AD Italy Present day • Known as the founder of modern anatomy. • Described in writing his observations from public dissections. • His illustrator Kalkar made the most detailed sketches up to their time. • Drawings were “photographically” detailed! IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Vesalius 1543 A.D. Back in the day 0 AD Italy Present day • Would stack bones of cadavers for permanent display. • Named these displayed after the Greek terms ho skeletos (dried up): • SKELETON! • Institute of Anatomy University of Basel, Switzerland IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Harvey Back in the day 1616-1628 A.D. Englan d 0 AD Present day • Medical Doctor who was first to describe in exact detail the circulatory system, IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Albinus 1697-1747 A.D. German y Back in the day 0 AD Present day • Along with his illustrator Wandelaer, compiled variations in anatomy into a standard from (a.k.a. statistically average anatomy). • Began to draw organs along with other related structures (systems). • Conveys that they had an understanding of Page 2 of 30 function (physiology). IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Pirogov 1810-1881 A.D. Russia Back in the day 0 AD Present day • Father of cross-sectional anatomy. • In his Anaomia topographica, sectionibus per corpus humanum, he published 213 cross-sectional illustrations, including one of a pregnant woman. • Cadavers were frozen in cold winters in St. Petersburg, Russia. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Gray 1858 A.D. Back in the day 0 AD England Present day • Famous for his anatomy medical textbook for students Gray’s Anatomy. • Still revised and published to this day. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30 Visible Human Project 1985 - Present day Washington D.C. Back in the day 0 AD Present day • In August of 1991 the National Library of Medicine (NLM) awarded a contract to the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center to create digital cross sections of a 39 year old man who had donated his body to science after being convicted of murder and sentenced to death. • He was executed by lethal injection in Texas in 1993. The Visible Man data was made Page 2 of 30 available in 1994. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Von Hagens 1993 - Present day Germany Back in the day 0 AD Present day • Founder of BodyWorlds exhibit and patent holder for body preservation technique known as “plastination” . • In London, on November 20, 2002 he performed the first public autopsy since 1830. • Sparked many debates in both London and Germany. IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 18 Valverde 1560 von Hagens 2003
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